Litter box setup: how many, where, and what kind

Toileting problems are one of the most common reasons cats are given up to shelters, and many of them come down to the setup rather than the cat. Getting the box right prevents most issues.

How many boxes?

The widely used guideline is one box per cat, plus one. Two cats means three boxes. Even a single cat benefits from two, because some prefer to urinate in one and defecate in another.

Boxes side by side count as one location. Spread them out.

Where to put them

Quiet, low-traffic spots, not next to a noisy washing machine or in a busy hallway.
Away from food and water. Cats prefer not to eliminate near where they eat.
On every floor of a multi-storey home, especially for older cats.
With an escape route, so a cat is not cornered by another cat or a dog while using it.

The box itself

Feature	Most cats prefer	Why
Size	About 1.5 times the cat's body length	Room to turn and dig
Cover	Uncovered	Covered boxes trap odour and can feel like a trap
Sides	Low entry for kittens and seniors	Easy access with stiff joints
Liners	None	Claws catch on plastic

Many commercial boxes are too small for an adult cat. A large plastic storage tub with a cut-down entrance is a common alternative.

The litter

Unscented clumping litter with a fine, sand-like texture is the most widely accepted.
About 3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) deep is typical.
Change litter type gradually by mixing in the new litter over a week or two.

Cleaning

Scoop at least once a day, ideally twice.
Top up litter as needed.
Empty, wash with mild unscented soap and water, and refill regularly, more often for non-clumping litter.
Avoid strong-smelling disinfectants and citrus or pine scents, which many cats dislike.

If your cat stops using the box

See a vet first. Urinary tract problems, bladder inflammation, constipation, arthritis, and other medical issues often show up as toileting changes. A male cat straining to urinate with little or nothing coming out is an emergency.

Once medical causes are ruled out, look at:

A change in litter, box, or location
A dirty box
Conflict with another pet
Stress from changes at home

Limitations

These are widely recommended starting points; your cat's preferences are the final word. If you have several cats, also read Reading cat body language to spot tension between them.

Not veterinary advice. This guide is general information. If your cat seems unwell, contact a veterinarian.